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PLoS One
2019 Jan 01;1410:e0224477. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224477.
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Are we ready for scaling up restoration actions? An insight from Mediterranean macroalgal canopies.
Tamburello L
,
Papa L
,
Guarnieri G
,
Basconi L
,
Zampardi S
,
Scipione MB
,
Terlizzi A
,
Zupo V
,
Fraschetti S
.
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Extensive loss of macroalgal forests advocates for large-scale restoration interventions, to compensate habitat degradation and recover the associated ecological functions and services. Yet, restoration attempts have generally been limited to small spatial extensions, with the principal aim of developing efficient restoration techniques. Here, the success of outplanting Cystoseira amentacea v. stricta germlings cultured in aquaria was experimentally explored at a scale of tens of kms, by means of a multifactorial experimental design. In the intertidal rocky shores of SE Italy, locations with a continuous distribution for hundreds of meters or with few thalli forming patches of few centimeters of C. amentacea canopy were selected. In each location, the effects of adult conspecifics and the exclusion of macrograzers (salema fish and sea urchins) on the survival of germlings were tested. We evaluated the most critical determinants of mortality for germlings, including the overlooked pressure of mesograzers (e.g. amphipods, small mollusks, polychaetes). Despite the high mortality observed during outplanting and early settlement stages, survival of C. amentacea germlings was consistently favored by the exclusion of macrograzers, while the presence of adult conspecifics had no effects. In addition, the cost analysis of the interventions showed the feasibility of the ex-situ method, representing an essential tool for preserving Cystoseira forests. Large scale restoration is possible but requires baseline information with an in-depth knowledge of the species ecology and of the areas to be restored, together with the development of specific cultivation protocols to make consistently efficient restoration interventions.
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31652294
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Fig 1. Experimental design and locations.On the left side, map of nursery (University of Trieste), storage (University of Salento), and experimental locations. MA = Marittima (Donor); SI = Sant’Isidoro (Donor); TG = Torre Guaceto (Restoration); PC = Porto Cesareo (Restoration). On the right side, the experimental design and treatments are schematically represented. CA = control of artifact. Maps were created using ArcGIS1 10.1 software by ESRI (Environmental Systems Resource Institute, www.esri.com).
Fig 2. Mortality of germlings during outplanting and in the early stages of growth.(A) Log-transformed number of germlings per tile outplanted in different halfdays of the outplanting phase. Tiles outplanted in different locations are shown with dots of different color. The black line represented the predicted linear mixed-effect model. (B) Variance components of the number of germlings per tile during the outplanting phase. Variance is estimated among days of outplanting, between halfdays within each day and among tiles within each halfday. (C) Number of germlings per quadrat in different Herbivory conditions at different sites after 3 months from outplanting.
Fig 3. Abundance of macro and mesograzers at experimental sites.(A) Mean number of sea urchins in 50 x 50 cm quadrats in different locations and at different times during the experiment. Light grey = May 2017; middle grey = July 2017, dark grey = October 2017, N = 240. Mean number of (B) mollusks, (C) amphipods and (D) polychaetes in 20 x 20 cm quadrats in different locations and at different sites. MA = Marittima, SI = Sant’Isidoro, TG = Torre Guaceto, PC = Porto Cesareo, black and white bars represent the two sites for each location, N = 24.
Fig 4. Schematic representation of C. amentacea ex-situ cultivation and outplanting.For each step of the restoration intervention, the red box synthetizes issues limiting its feasibility or representing sources of mortality for C. amentacea germlings, according to the present study. The green box presents manageable issues, according to the strategies adopted in the present study and described in the literature. In the yellow box, issues that still require to be addressed are introduced, as promising strategies to overcome criticalities.
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