Kunzmann A et al. (2023), Comparative Environmental Impacts and Developme...

ECB-ART-52592

Trop Life Sci Res 2023 Sep 01;343:279-302. doi: 10.21315/tlsr2023.34.3.15.

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Comparative Environmental Impacts and Development Benefits of Coastal Aquaculture in Three Tropical Countries: Madagascar, Tanzania and Indonesia.

Kunzmann A , Todinanahary G , Msuya FE , Alfiansah Y .

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Aquaculture is still in early development in Madagascar and Tanzania, while in Indonesia, aquaculture has a long history. In Madagascar, villagers are farming seaweed and sea cucumbers, as part of small-scale community-based aquaculture (CBA). They followed a contractual model between a private farming company and farmers. Local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and public institutions in Madagascar jointly strive to reverse the trend of ongoing anthropogenic coastal degradation. In Tanzania, the cultivation of red seaweeds has been established for over 30 years, with declining production attributed to climate change. While shrimp farming still involves, to some extent, clearing of mangroves in Tanzania, seaweed culture has only mild impact on coastal ecosystems. Farming areas provide shelter and habitat for juvenile fish, crabs and other organisms. Therefore, NGOs ask for support to improve culture methods. Various problems and shortcomings in Indonesia have been clearly identified, including issues related to new aquaculture areas, pollutants, emerging diseases, insufficient broodstock and fry supply, as well as a lack of technology and manpower. To address these challenges and ensure the growth of aquaculture production, the government has implemented national policies and established training and broodstock centers throughout the country. In Madagascar, the CBA programme stands out as a success story and can serve as a template for other coastal regions and countries. In Tanzania, the adoption of CBA model for co-culture could be the future. In Indonesia, due to a very long coastlines and complicated legislation, IMTA seems to be particularly suitable, as successfully tested in model regions.

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References [+] :

Alfiansah, Structure and co-occurrence patterns of bacterial communities associated with white faeces disease outbreaks in Pacific white-leg shrimp Penaeus vannamei aquaculture. 2020, Pubmed

	Figure 1. Observed wasted plastic materials from aquaculture villages. (a) Domestic plastic bottle colonised by barnacles; (b) HDPE seapen enclosure colonised by Crassostrea species; and (c) Fishing net having torn off live corals and cultured algae, observed during the landing of fishermen on the beach (modified from Rabemanantsoa 2021).
	Figure 2. Good organisational practice in community-based aquaculture (adapted from Todinanahary et al. 2016).
	Figure 3. Bio-ecological and socio-economic interests of community-based aquaculture. Grey: high level, Black: critical level (adapted from Todinanahary 2016).
	Figure 4. Seaweed production in Tanzania, 1990–2020.
	Figure 5. Indonesian centres for broodstocks and seeds/hatcheries (MMAF 2019). “Udang windu”: tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon); “bandeng” = milk fish (Chanos chanos); “patin” (Pangasius spp.); “ikan mas” (Cyprinus carpio), “lele” (Clarias spp.); “gurami” (Osphronemus goramy); “rumla” = Rumput laut (seaweed); “kerapu” = grouper (Chromileptes spp.); “kakap” = barramundi (Lates calcacifer); “bawal bintang” = pomfret (Fam. Bramidae); “nila” (Oreochromis niloticus); “udang galah” (Macrobrachium rosenbergii); and “udang vanname” (Penaeus vannamei). Headings of each box refer to local regions.