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Int J Environ Res Public Health
2021 Jan 09;182:. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020499.
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Sex-Specific Differences in the Toxic Effects of Heavy Fuel Oil on Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius).
Wang X
,
Ren H
,
Li X
,
Chen H
,
Ju Z
,
Xiong D
.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the sex-specific differences in the toxic effects of water-accommodated fractions of 380# heavy fuel oil (HFO WAF) on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Sea urchins were acutely exposed to HFO WAF at different nominal concentrations (0%, 10% and 20%) for seven days. The results showed that females had a higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioaccumulation in gonad tissues and that both the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in the gonad tissues of females were much higher than those of males. The PAHs bioaccumulation in gametes indicated that parents' exposure could lead to a transfer of PAHs to their offspring, and eggs had higher TAC and LPO than sperms. After maternal and paternal exposure to HFO WAF, the frequency of morphological abnormalities of the offspring was increased when compared to the control. Overall, these results indicated that maternal exposure to HFO WAF could cause more significantly toxic effects on sea urchins than paternal exposure could, which could lead to more significantly negative effects on their offspring.
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the gametes combinatorial design of sea urchins at each oil-loading treatment: control (control female gametes fertilized by control male gametes), EF (exposed female gametes fertilized by control male gametes) and EM (control female gametes fertilized by exposed male gametes).
Figure 2. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in (A) gonad tissues and (B) gametes from sea urchin females and males exposed to HFO WAFs for seven days. Data were presented as means ± SD. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between sexes (p < 0.05). DW stands for dry weight.
Figure 3. Levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in (A) gonad tissues, (B) gametes (C) and larvae derived from different parental exposed behaviors with HFO WAFs for seven days. Data are presented as means ± SD. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between sexes. An asterisk (*) labeled above bars indicates significant differences between treatments and the control (p < 0.05).
Figure 4. Change of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in (A) gonad tissues, (B) gametes and (C) larvae derived from different parental exposed behaviors with HFO WAFs for seven days. Data are presented as means ± SD. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between sexes. An asterisk (*) labeled above bars indicates significant differences between treatments and the control (p < 0.05).
Figure 5. Morphological abnormalities of 48 hpf larvae derived from different parental exposed behaviors with HFO WAFs. Data were presented as means ± SD. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between sexes. An asterisk (*) labeled above bars indicates significant differences between different treatments and the control (p < 0.05).
