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PeerJ
2016 Jan 01;4:e1970. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1970.
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Genetic structure of the crown-of-thorns seastar in the Pacific Ocean, with focus on Guam.
Tusso S
,
Morcinek K
,
Vogler C
,
Schupp PJ
,
Caballes CF
,
Vargas S
,
Wörheide G
.
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Population outbreaks of the corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastar (COTS), Acanthaster ''planci'' L., are among the most important biological disturbances of tropical coral reefs. Over the past 50 years, several devastating outbreaks have been documented around Guam, an island in the western Pacific Ocean. Previous analyses have shown that in the Pacific Ocean, COTS larval dispersal may be geographically restricted to certain regions. Here, we assess the genetic structure of Pacific COTS populations and compared samples from around Guam with a number of distant localities in the Pacific Ocean, and focused on determining the degree of genetic structure among populations previously considered to be isolated. Using microsatellites, we document substantial genetic structure between 14 localities from different geographical regions in the Pacific Ocean. Populations from the 14 locations sampled were found to be structured in three significantly differentiated groups: (1) all locations immediately around Guam, as well as Kingman Reef and Swains Island; (2) Japan, Philippines, GBR and Vanuatu; and (3) Johnston Atoll, which was significantly different from all other localities. The lack of genetic differentiation between Guam and extremely distant populations from Kingman Reef and Swains Island suggests potential long-distance dispersal of COTS in the Pacific.
Figure 1. Acanthaster ‘planci’ localities sampled in the Pacific Ocean and around Guam.(A) Acanthaster ‘planci’ [i]localities sampled in the Pacific Ocean. Localities are coded by geographical regions: west Pacific (W), north-west Pacific (NW), north-central Pacific (NC), south-central Pacific (SC). GBR represents the Great Barrier Reef. Current paths are presented in dashed line: North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), North Equatorial Current (NEC), South Equatorial Countercurrent (SECC), and South Equatorial Current (SEC). (B) Details of sampling locations around Guam. Maps are taken and modified from www.arcgis.com. Source: Esri, GEBCO, DeLorme, NaturalVue—Esri, GEBCO, IHO-IOC GEBCO, DeLorme, NGS.
Figure 2. Graphical summary of Bayesian clustering results.Samples were assigned among 2, 4 and 5 genetic clusters (K). Each colour represents the probability of corresponding to a specific cluster. Each locality is separated by a black line. The Guam group (Guam, Kingman and Swains Islands) is highlighted with the horizontal black line at the bottom.
Figure 3. Scatterplots of the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) for all localities (A), group 1 (Guam, Kingman and Swains Islands) and 2 (GBR, Japan, Philippines, Vanuatu) (B) and only the group 1 (C).Individual genotypes appear as dots surrounded by 95% inertia ellipses. Eigenvalues show the amount of genetic information contained in each successive principal component with x- and y-axes constituting the first two principal components, respectively.
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