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Int J Mol Sci
2012 Dec 07;1312:16796-811. doi: 10.3390/ijms131216796.
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Actinopyga lecanora hydrolysates as natural antibacterial agents.
Ghanbari R
,
Ebrahimpour A
,
Abdul-Hamid A
,
Ismail A
,
Saari N
.
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Actinopyga lecanora, a type of sea cucumber commonly known as stone fish with relatively high protein content, was explored as raw material for bioactive peptides production. Six proteolytic enzymes, namely alcalase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, bromelain and flavourzyme were used to hydrolyze A. lecanora at different times and their respective degrees of hydrolysis (DH) were calculated. Subsequently, antibacterial activity of the A. lecanora hydrolysates, against some common pathogenic Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas sp.) were evaluated. Papain hydrolysis showed the highest DH value (89.44%), followed by alcalase hydrolysis (83.35%). Bromelain hydrolysate after one and seven hours of hydrolysis exhibited the highest antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas sp., P. aeruginosa and E. coli at 51.85%, 30.07% and 30.45%, respectively compared to the other hydrolysates. Protein hydrolysate generated by papain after 8 h hydrolysis showed maximum antibacterial activity against S. aureus at 20.19%. The potent hydrolysates were further fractionated using RP-HPLC and antibacterial activity of the collected fractions from each hydrolysate were evaluated, wherein among them only three fractions from the bromelain hydrolysates exhibited inhibitory activities against Pseudomonas sp., P. aeruginosa and E. coli at 24%, 25.5% and 27.1%, respectively and one fraction of papain hydrolysate showed antibacterial activity of 33.1% against S. aureus. The evaluation of the relationship between DH and antibacterial activities of papain and bromelain hydrolysates revealed a meaningful correlation of four and six order functions.
Figure 1. Degree of hydrolysis of A. lecanora, hydrolyzed by different proteolytic enzymes. Results are the average of triplicate determinations (mean ± SD).
Figure 2. Bacterial growth inhibitions (%) of A. Lecanora hydrolysates produced by bromelain (a) and papain (b). Results are the average of triplicate determinations (mean ± SD).
Figure 3. Relationship between DH and antibacterial activity of A. lecanora hydrolyzed by bromelain [(a) and (b)] and papain [(c) and (d)]: (a) Pseudomonas sp.; (b) P. aerogeniosa; (c) E. coli; and (d) S. aureus.
Figure 4. Fractionation of A. lecanora bromelain generated hydrolysate (after 1 h hydrolysis) by semi-preparative RP-HPLC. (a) Chromatogram of A. lecanora hydrolysate; (b) Growth inhibition (%) of collected fractions against P. aerogeniosa; and (c) Growth inhibition (%) of collected fractions against Pseudomonas sp.
Figure 5. Fractionation of A. lecanora bromelain generated hydrolysate (after 7 h hydrolysis) by semi-preparative RP-HPLC. (a) Chromatogram of A. lecanora hydrolysate; and (b) Growth inhibition (%) of collected fractions against E. coli.
Figure 6. Fractionation of A. lecanora papain generated hydrolysate (after 8 h hydrolysis) by semi-preparative RP-HPLC. (a) Chromatogram of A. lecanora hydrolysate; and (b) Growth inhibition (%) of collected fractions against S. aureus.
Figure 7. Effect of peptide hydrophobicity (%) on its antibacterial activity (%). Function of hydrophobicity (%) versus antimicrobial activity: (a) Pseudomonas sp.; (b) P. aerogeniosa; (c) S. aureus; and (d) E. coli.
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