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Springerplus
2016 Nov 03;51:1977. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3620-4.
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Effect of acute salinity stress on ion homeostasis, Na+/K+-ATPase and histological structure in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.
Geng C
,
Tian Y
,
Shang Y
,
Wang L
,
Jiang Y
,
Chang Y
.
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BACKGROUND: Sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) are an imperiled fauna exposed to a variety of environmental condition such as salinity and studies are urgently needed to assess their effects to guide aquaculture efforts. The effects of acute salinity stress on coelomic fluid osmotic pressure, ion concentrations, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in respiratory trees and the histological variations were measured to evaluate the salinity tolerance of sea cucumbers.
RESULTS: Significant correlations in osmotic pressure were observed between coelomic fluid and ambient environmental salinity. In coelomic fluid, Na+ concentration was observed fluctuated during salinity 18 psu and the inflection point presented at the 6 h. The Na+/K+-ATPase activity in respiratory trees indicated the "U-shaped" fluctuant change and the change trend was opposite with the Na+ concentration. The ions (K+, Cl-) concentration decreased and showed the same tendency at salinity 40 psu with salinity 18 psu. The total coelomocytes counts and phagocytosis of coelomic fluid Na+/K+-ATPase activity indicated fluctuating changes under different salinity stress. Histological variation revealed a negative relation between decreasing salt concentration and tissue integrity. Tissue damages were significantly observed in intestines, muscles and tube feet under low salinity environment (18, 23 and 27 psu). The connective tissue in intestines of A. japonicus exposed to 18 and 23 psu damaged and partly separated from the mucosal epithelium. The significant variations occurred in tube feet, which presented the swelling in connective tissue and a fracture in longitudinal muscles under low salinity (18 psu). The morphological change of tube feet showed the shrinkage of connective tissue under high salinity (40 psu). The amount of infusoria in the respiratory trees decreased or even disappeared in salinity treatment groups (18 and 23 psu).
CONCLUSION: The results inferred that osmoconformity and ionoregulation were seen in sea cucumbers, which contributed to understand the salinity regulatory mechanisms of A. japonicus under acute salinity stress.
Fig. 2. Light microscopy micrographs of the respiratory trees of A. japonicus (×20). a Control (32 psu); b salinity 18 psu; c salinity 23 psu; d salinity 27 psu; e salinity 40 psu. ce coelomic epithelium, ml muscular layer, ct connective tissue, in infusoria, le lining epithelium. Scale bar 50 μm
Fig. 3. Light microscopy micrographs of tube-feet of A. japonicus (×10). a Control (32 psu); b salinity 18 psu; c salinity 23 psu; d salinity 27 psu; e salinity 40 psu. ct connective tissue, ep epidermis layer, lmw longitudinal muscle of water-vascular system, sb sensory band, wep epidermis of coelom. Scale bar 100 μm
Fig. 4. Light microscopy micrographs of intestine of A. japonicus (×20). a Control (32 psu); b salinity 18 psu; c salinity 23 psu; d salinity 27 psu; e salinity 40 psu. ce coelomic epidermis, mu muscular layer, ct connective tissue, me mucosal epithelium, mu muscular layer. Scale bar 50 μm
Fig. 5. Light microscopy micrographs of muscle of A. japonicus (×20). a Control (32 psu), b salinity 18 psu, c salinity 23 psu, d salinity 27 psu, e salinity 40 psu. ce coelomic epithelium, mf muscle fibers. Scale bar 50 μm
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