Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Sci Rep
2019 Nov 05;91:15792. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51786-6.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Restructuring of the 'Macaronesia' biogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach.
Freitas R
,
Romeiras M
,
Silva L
,
Cordeiro R
,
Madeira P
,
González JA
,
Wirtz P
,
Falcón JM
,
Brito A
,
Floeter SR
,
Afonso P
,
Porteiro F
,
Viera-Rodríguez MA
,
Neto AI
,
Haroun R
,
Farminhão JNM
,
Rebelo AC
,
Baptista L
,
Melo CS
,
Martínez A
,
Núñez J
,
Berning B
,
Johnson ME
,
Ávila SP
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands and Cabo Verde are commonly united under the term "Macaronesia". This study investigates the coherency and validity of Macaronesia as a biogeographic unit using six marine groups with very different dispersal abilities: coastal fishes, echinoderms, gastropod molluscs, brachyuran decapod crustaceans, polychaete annelids, and macroalgae. We found no support for the current concept of Macaronesia as a coherent marine biogeographic unit. All marine groups studied suggest the exclusion of Cabo Verde from the remaining Macaronesian archipelagos and thus, Cabo Verde should be given the status of a biogeographic subprovince within the West African Transition province. We propose to redefine the Lusitanian biogeographical province, in which we include four ecoregions: the South European Atlantic Shelf, the Saharan Upwelling, the Azores, and a new ecoregion herein named Webbnesia, which comprises the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands.
Figure 2. Fish families with highest richness of single archipelagic endemic species in Macaronesia. AZO â Azores; MAD â Madeira; SEL â Selvagens; CAN â Canary Islands; CAB â Cabo Verde.
Figure 3. Mollusc gastropod genera with highest richness of single archipelagic endemic species in Macaronesia. AZO â Azores; MAD â Madeira; SEL â Selvagens; CAN â Canary Islands; CAB â Cabo Verde.
Figure 4. Dendrograms depicting the biogeographic similarity between areas. Numbers correspond to the bootstrap values providing support for each tree node (100 repetitions of 100 trees). Coastal fishes (Simpson index/UPGMA; cophenetic correlationâ=â0.847), Echinodermata (Jaccard index/UPGMA; cophenetic correlationâ=â0.833), Gastropoda (Simpson index/UPGMA; cophenetic correlationâ=â0.936), Crustacea Brachyura (Jaccard index/UPGMA; cophenetic correlationâ=â0.915), macroalgae (Jaccard index/UPGMA; cophenetic correlationâ=â0.883), Polychaeta (Jaccard index/UPGMA; cophenetic correlationâ=â0.952). Mollusc gastropods and macroalgae from 0â50âm depth; coastal fishes, echinoderms, brachyuran crabs and polychaetes from 0â200âm. For acronyms of each geographical area, see legend of Fig. 1. Letters A, B, (â¦), Y, represent the optimal number of clusters which were validated by Mantel statistics (Pearson).
Figure 5. Dendrogram depicting the biogeographic similarity between areas for the shared endemic species (Jaccard index/UPGMA; cophenetic correlationâ=â0,935). Numbers correspond to the bootstrap values providing support for each tree node (100 repetitions of 100 trees). Letters A, B, C, represent the optimal number of clusters which were validated by Mantel statistics (Pearson).
Figure 6. Scheme illustrating the circulation pattern of the main surface currents in the North and Central Atlantic Ocean. GS â Gulf Stream; NAC â North Atlantic Current; AC â Azores Current; SWEC â Southwest European Current; MADC â Madeira Current; CANC â Canary Current; NEC â North Equatorial Current; NECC â North Equatorial Counter Current; MC â Mauritania Current; GC â Guinea Current.
Figure 7. Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos. The Lusitania Province includes the Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion. For acronyms of each geographical area, see legend of Fig. 1.
Abalde,
Phylogenetic relationships of cone snails endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes.
2017, Pubmed
Abalde,
Phylogenetic relationships of cone snails endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes.
2017,
Pubmed
Ávila,
Towards a 'Sea-Level Sensitive' dynamic model: impact of island ontogeny and glacio-eustasy on global patterns of marine island biogeography.
2019,
Pubmed
Ávila,
Global change impacts on large-scale biogeographic patterns of marine organisms on Atlantic oceanic islands.
2018,
Pubmed
Cordeiro,
New species of Rissoidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Archipelago of the Azores (northeast Atlantic) with an updated regional checklist for the family.
2015,
Pubmed
Cunha,
Drivers of Cape Verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets.
2017,
Pubmed
Cunha,
Evolution at a different pace: distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos.
2014,
Pubmed
Cunha,
Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde islands.
2005,
Pubmed
Duda,
Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock.
2005,
Pubmed
James Cooper,
Exploring the radiation of a diverse reef fish family: phylogenetics of the damselfishes (Pomacentridae), with new classifications based on molecular analyses of all genera.
2009,
Pubmed
Kim,
Timing and tempo of early and successive adaptive radiations in Macaronesia.
2008,
Pubmed
Kondraskov,
Biogeography of Mediterranean Hotspot Biodiversity: Re-Evaluating the 'Tertiary Relict' Hypothesis of Macaronesian Laurel Forests.
2015,
Pubmed
Mort,
Multiplexed-shotgun-genotyping data resolve phylogeny within a very recently derived insular lineage.
2015,
Pubmed
Myers,
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.
2000,
Pubmed
Peters,
Conus: first comprehensive conservation red list assessment of a marine gastropod mollusc genus.
2013,
Pubmed
Rocha,
Recent invasion of the tropical Atlantic by an Indo-Pacific coral reef fish.
2005,
Pubmed
Romeiras,
Patterns of genetic diversity in three plant lineages endemic to the Cape Verde Islands.
2015,
Pubmed
Schliewen,
Didogobius janetarum sp. nov., a new cryptobenthic goby species from the Cape Verde Islands (Teleostei: Gobiidae).
2018,
Pubmed
van den Bogaard,
The origin of the Canary Island Seamount Province - new ages of old seamounts.
2013,
Pubmed
Vanderpoorten,
Does Macaronesia exist? Conflicting signal in the bryophyte and pteridophyte floras.
2007,
Pubmed