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Sci Rep
2019 Feb 28;91:2994. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39912-w.
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The effect of sex, season and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical composition and quality traits of Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of Portugal.
Rocha F
,
Baião LF
,
Moutinho S
,
Reis B
,
Oliveira A
,
Arenas F
,
Maia MRG
,
Fonseca AJM
,
Pintado M
,
Valente LMP
.
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Sea urchin population harvest in the North Atlantic coast of Portugal was characterized in terms of gonad yield, nutritional composition and important market-related traits, over one reproductive cycle (March 2016 to March 2017). Most of the quality attributes showed a seasonal variation strongly dependent on sea urchin sex. Maximum gonad yield (18%) was observed in March 2017. A single spawning event occurred between May and July. Gonads are rich sources of protein (12-18% WW) with low fat content (≤6% WW), that increase during the gametogenic stages of recovery and growing (November-December). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the dominant class in both sexes (4.2-14.7 mg.g-1 WW), being preferentially accumulated in females. Total gonads carotenoid varied seasonally, with the highest level being observed in males during spawning season. Echinenone was the main pigment present in gonads, showing highest concentrations in males during spawning and gonad recovering. During the growing and early maturation period gonads were more reddish, yellowish and brighter, as well as more firm, irrespectively of the sex. Based on all seasonal changes affecting gonad yield and quality, the period between November and February seems the most suitable to harvest high quality gonads in the Atlantic coast of Portugal.
Figure 1. Annual reproductive cycle of females and males P. lividus in Praia Norte (Portugal); (A) variations in the gonad somatic index (GSI) over a 13-month period; (B) Gametogenic stages of ovary and testis through histological examination. Values are mean ± standard deviation; per month the 18 individuals were pooled by sex: N = 3 pools of female gonads and N = 3 pools of male gonads were established. Superscripts in capital letters (ABC) indicate significant differences between months (P < 0.05).
Figure 2. Changes in (A) moisture (%), (B) ash, (C) protein, (D) total lipids (% WW) and (E) energy (KJ/g WW) contents in gonads (ovary and testis) of P. lividus collected at Praia Norte (Portugal) over a 13-month period. Values are mean ± standard deviation; per month the 18 individuals were pooled by sex: N = 3 pools of female gonads and N = 3 pools of male gonads were established. Superscripts in capital letters (ABC) indicate differences between months, asterisk (*) indicate differences between sexes and superscripts in lowercase letters indicate significant differences between sex X month (abc) (P < 0.05).
Figure 3. Colour parameters (A) lightness, L* (B) redness, a* and (C) yellowness, b* measured instrumentally in gonads of P. lividus (ovary and testis) over a 13-month period. Values are mean ± standard deviation; per month the 18 individuals were pooled by sex: N = 3 pools of female gonads and N = 3 pools of male gonads were established were established. Superscripts in capital letters (ABC) indicate differences between months, asterisk (*) indicate differences between sexos and superscripts in lowercase letters indicate significant differences between sex X month (abc) (P < 0.05).
Figure 4. Total carotenoid content in gonads (ovary and testis) of P. lividus collected at Praia Norte (Portugal) over a 13-month period. Values are mean ± standard deviation; per month the 18 individuals were pooled by sex: N = 3 pools of female gonads and N = 3 pools of male gonads were established. Superscripts in lowercase letters indicate significant differences between sex X months (abc) (P < 0.05).
Figure 5. Summary of the monthly sampling protocol performed for P. lividus at Praia Norte (Portugal) over a 13-month period.
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