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Mar Drugs
2015 Aug 21;138:5425-46. doi: 10.3390/md13085425.
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Hunt for Palytoxins in a Wide Variety of Marine Organisms Harvested in 2010 on the French Mediterranean Coast.
Biré R
,
Trotereau S
,
Lemée R
,
Oregioni D
,
Delpont C
,
Krys S
,
Guérin T
.
Abstract
During the summer of 2010, 31 species including fish, echinoderms, gastropods, crustaceans, cephalopods and sponges were sampled in the Bay of Villefranche on the French Mediterranean coast and screened for the presence of PLTX-group toxins using the haemolytic assay. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for confirmatory purposes and to determine the toxin profile. The mean toxin concentration in the whole flesh of all sampled marine organisms, determined using the lower- (LB) and upper-bound (UB) approach was 4.3 and 5.1 µg·kg(-1), respectively, with less than 1% of the results exceeding the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) threshold of 30 µg·kg(-1)and the highest values being reported for sea urchins (107.6 and 108.0 µg·kg(-1)). Toxins accumulated almost exclusively in the digestive tube of the tested species, with the exception of octopus, in which there were detectable toxin amounts in the remaining tissues (RT). The mean toxin concentration in the RT of the sampled organisms (fishes, echinoderms and cephalopods) was 0.7 and 1.7 µg·kg(-1) (LB and UB, respectively), with a maximum value of 19.9 µg·kg(-1) for octopus RT. The herbivorous and omnivorous organisms were the most contaminated species, indicating that diet influences the contamination process, and the LC-MS/MS revealed that ovatoxin-a was the only toxin detected.
Figure 1. Palytoxin concentration determined by the haemolytic test in the whole flesh of the marine organisms harvested in Rochambeau from week 27 to week 36, and calculated using the lower bound (LB) approach. The dashed line represents the EFSA threshold of 30 µg PLTX + OST-D·kg−1. The blue curve represents the abundance of epiphytic Ostreopsis cells over the same period.
Figure 2. Palytoxin concentration determined by the haemolytic test in the different tissue components of the marine organisms harvested in Rochambeau from week 27 to week 36. The dashed line represents the EFSA threshold of 30 µg PLTX + OST-D·kg−1. The blue curve represents the abundance of Ostreopsis epiphytic cells over the same period.
Figure 3. Chromatogram of a sample of juvenile Sarpa salpa DT harvested in week 31 and analysed by LC-MS/MS, showing traces of p-PLTX (<LOQ) and a high level of OVTX-a (405 µg PLTX eq.·kg−1).
Figure 4. Relationship between the palytoxin levels determined by the haemolytic test and by LC-MS/MS. (A) with the LC-MS/MS LOQ (24.5 µg p-PLTX eq.·kg−1) as the data cut-off point; (B) without the cut-off point (all data included even those below the LC-MS/MS LOD (7.4 µg p-PLTX eq.·kg−1) and LOQ, for which the LB and UB approach was used).
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