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Mar Drugs
2018 Nov 01;1611:. doi: 10.3390/md16110419.
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Effects of Carrageenans on Biological Properties of Echinochrome.
Sokolova EV
,
Menzorova NI
,
Davydova VN
,
Kuz'mich AS
,
Kravchenko AO
,
Mishchenko NP
,
Yermak IM
.
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Sea urchin pigment echinochrome A (Ech), a water-insoluble compound, is the active substance in the cardioprotective and antioxidant drug Histochrome® (PIBOC FEB RAS, Moscow, Russia). It has been established that Ech dissolves in aqueous solutions of carrageenans (CRGs). Herein, we describe the effects of different types of CRGs on some properties of Ech. Our results showed that CRGs significantly decreased the spermotoxicity of Ech, against the sea urchin S. intermedius sperm. Ech, as well as its complex with CRG, did not affect the division and development of early embryos of the sea urchin. Ech reduced reactive oxygen species production (ROS) in neutrophils, caused by CRG. The obtained complexes of these substances with pro- and anti-activating ROS formation properties illustrate the possibility of modulating the ROS induction, using these compounds. The CRGs stimulate the induction of anti-inflammatory IL-10 synthesis, whereas Ech inhibits this synthesis and increases the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα. The inclusion of Ech, in the complex with the CRGs, decreases Ech''s ability to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially TNFα, and increases the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Thus, CRGs modify the action of Ech, by decreasing its pro-inflammatory effect. Whereas, the Ech''s protective action towards human epithelial HT-29 cells remains to be unaltered in the complex, with κ/β-CRG, under stress conditions.
Figure 1. (a) The influence of Echinochrome (Ech) and its complex with the κ-carrageenans (CRGs) (100 μg mL−1), on the sea urchin spermatozoa fertilizing ability (spermatozoa to eggs ratio 300:1). (b) The spermatozoa fertilizing ability of various types of CRGs (100 μg mL−1), in the presence of Ech (3 mg mL−1). * p < 0.05.
Figure 4. Time and dose-dependent cellular response profiling of HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells, in the presence of the κ/β-carrageenan, Ech, and their complex. Representative data are averaged from five wells. All experiments were repeated at least two times. Four stages of the experimental design are indicated with dashed lines: 1—Growth of HT-29 cells to confluence; 2—the stage of samples addition; 3—incubation with ethanol; 4—after the ethanol exposure. Concentration of the Ech (1 μg mL−1, final value) was fixed. After each stage, the culture medium (McCoy’s 5A Modified) was refreshed.
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