Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol
2021 Dec 01;3368:666-679. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22952.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Somatic cell conversion to a germ cell lineage: A violation or a revelation?
Wessel GM
,
Morita S
,
Oulhen N
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The germline is unique and immortal (or at least its genome is). It is able to perform unique jobs (meiosis) and is selected for genetic changes. Part of being this special also means that entry into the germline club is restricted and cells of the soma are always left out. However, the recent evidence from multiple animals now suggests that somatic cells may join the club and become germline cells in an animal when the original germline is removed. This "violation" may have garnered acceptance by the observation that iPScells, originating experimentally from somatic cells of an adult, can form reproductively successful eggs and sperm, all in vitro. Each of the genes and their functions used to induce pluripotentiality are found normally in the cell and the in vitro conditions to direct germline commitment replicate conditions in vivo. Here, we discuss evidence from three different animals: an ascidian, a segmented worm, and a sea urchin; and that the cells of a somatic cell lineage can convert into the germline in vivo. We discuss the consequences of such transitions and provide thoughts as how this process may have equal precision to the original germline formation of an embryo.
Amann,
Daily spermatozoal production and epididymal spermatozoal reserves of the human male.
1980, Pubmed
Amann,
Daily spermatozoal production and epididymal spermatozoal reserves of the human male.
1980,
Pubmed
Baker,
Radiosensitivity of mammalian oocytes with particular reference to the human female.
1971,
Pubmed
Buss,
Evolution, development, and the units of selection.
1983,
Pubmed
Dannenberg,
Regeneration of the germline in the annelid Capitella teleta.
2018,
Pubmed
Dill,
Vasa and nanos are coexpressed in somatic and germ line tissue from early embryonic cleavage stages through adulthood in the polychaete Capitella sp. I.
2008,
Pubmed
Drake,
Rates of spontaneous mutation.
1998,
Pubmed
Ettensohn,
The evolution of a new cell type was associated with competition for a signaling ligand.
2019,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ettensohn,
Cell lineage conversion in the sea urchin embryo.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ettensohn,
The invertebrate deuterostomes: an introduction to their phylogeny, reproduction, development, and genomics.
2004,
Pubmed
Extavour,
Germ cell selection in genetic mosaics in Drosophila melanogaster.
2001,
Pubmed
Extavour,
Mechanisms of germ cell specification across the metazoans: epigenesis and preformation.
2003,
Pubmed
Fresques,
Selective accumulation of germ-line associated gene products in early development of the sea star and distinct differences from germ-line development in the sea urchin.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Fresques,
Nodal induces sequential restriction of germ cell factors during primordial germ cell specification.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Giani,
Somatic and germline expression of piwi during development and regeneration in the marine polychaete annelid Capitella teleta.
2011,
Pubmed
Gustafson,
Post-translational regulation by gustavus contributes to selective Vasa protein accumulation in multipotent cells during embryogenesis.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hayashi,
Reconstitution of mouse oogenesis in a dish from pluripotent stem cells.
2017,
Pubmed
Hayashi,
Nanos suppresses somatic cell fate in Drosophila germ line.
2004,
Pubmed
Hikabe,
Reconstitution in vitro of the entire cycle of the mouse female germ line.
2016,
Pubmed
Illmensee,
Transplantation of posterior polar plasm in Drosophila. Induction of germ cells at the anterior pole of the egg.
1974,
Pubmed
Inoue,
Germ Cell Differentiation in Starfish: The Posterior Enterocoel as the Origin of Germ Cells in Asterina pectinifera: (starfish/germ cells/PGC/posterior enterocoel/haemal sinus).
1992,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Juliano,
Germ line determinants are not localized early in sea urchin development, but do accumulate in the small micromere lineage.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Juliano,
An evolutionary transition of Vasa regulation in echinoderms.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Kobayashi,
On the origin of the human germline.
2018,
Pubmed
Lanfear,
Do plants have a segregated germline?
2018,
Pubmed
Leitch,
On the fate of primordial germ cells injected into early mouse embryos.
2014,
Pubmed
Makar,
Roadmap of germline development and in vitro gametogenesis from pluripotent stem cells.
2020,
Pubmed
McClay,
Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: sea urchins.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
McClay,
A micromere induction signal is activated by beta-catenin and acts through notch to initiate specification of secondary mesenchyme cells in the sea urchin embryo.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Meyer,
A comprehensive fate map by intracellular injection of identified blastomeres in the marine polychaete Capitella teleta.
2010,
Pubmed
Oosterhuis,
Human germ cell tumours from a developmental perspective.
2019,
Pubmed
Oulhen,
Transient translational quiescence in primordial germ cells.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Oulhen,
Distinct transcriptional regulation of Nanos2 in the germ line and soma by the Wnt and delta/notch pathways.
2019,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Oulhen,
A quiet space during rush hour: Quiescence in primordial germ cells.
2017,
Pubmed
Oulhen,
Differential Nanos 2 protein stability results in selective germ cell accumulation in the sea urchin.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Oulhen,
The 3'UTR of nanos2 directs enrichment in the germ cell lineage of the sea urchin.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ransick,
Postembryonic segregation of the germ line in sea urchins in relation to indirect development.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Reddien,
The Cellular and Molecular Basis for Planarian Regeneration.
2018,
Pubmed
Seydoux,
Pathway to totipotency: lessons from germ cells.
2006,
Pubmed
Shirae-Kurabayashi,
Dynamic redistribution of vasa homolog and exclusion of somatic cell determinants during germ cell specification in Ciona intestinalis.
2006,
Pubmed
Steward,
From cultured cells to whole plants: the induction and control of their growth and morphogenesis.
1970,
Pubmed
Takahashi,
Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.
2006,
Pubmed
Takamura,
Primordial germ cells originate from the endodermal strand cells in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis.
2002,
Pubmed
Tamboline,
Secondary mesenchyme of the sea urchin embryo: ontogeny of blastocoelar cells.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Tanaka,
The cellular basis for animal regeneration.
2011,
Pubmed
Voronina,
Vasa protein expression is restricted to the small micromeres of the sea urchin, but is inducible in other lineages early in development.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Wessel,
The biology of the germ line in echinoderms.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Wessel,
Origin and development of the germ line in sea stars.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
Small micromeres contribute to the germline in the sea urchin.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yamada,
Embryonic expression profiles and conserved localization mechanisms of pem/postplasmic mRNAs of two species of ascidian, Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi.
2006,
Pubmed
Yoshida,
Germ cell regeneration-mediated, enhanced mutagenesis in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis reveals flexible germ cell formation from different somatic cells.
2017,
Pubmed
Yoshida,
Posterior end mark, a novel maternal gene encoding a localized factor in the ascidian embryo.
1996,
Pubmed
Zhang,
Segregation of the mouse germline and soma.
2019,
Pubmed
